This means, there is ongoing risk monitoring that is associated with all low-risk merchant accounts. We offer custom-tailored solutions to merchants in the CBD oil industry that need a payment gateway for selling their CBD products in an online market. If you already have a merchant account, we can set up an NMI payment gateway only account for you ASAP (usually the same day). Certificate of incorporation. Genome's fees for some services differ for low-risk and high-risk accounts. If your business fits into any of these categories, you’re primed to start working with Dharma. Low-risk businesses are easier for merchant service providers to trust. What are high-risk merchant account and low-risk merchant account? Before jumping into finding the ideal merchant service provider, you need to answer some questions beforehand. unique tool that allows you to efficiently process payments online. You can expect to pay on average ~$100 per month for a high risk merchant account, on top of a $500 credit card merchant fee. 2% plus $0. If you end up with one of the 99%+ “Low Risk” Merchant Account Providers, they will handle your account the same way PayPal or Stripe would — approve the accounts quickly and close it quickly. These industries. Helcim: No monthly account fee. However, for business owners looking for the best high-risk merchant accounts with bad credit, you might want to consider Electronic Cash Systems, PaymentCloud, Payment Depot, Durango Merchant Services, Soar Payments,. 800-567-3019. Merchant One: Best for Flexible Pricing. 95% for normal merchant accounts. The second thing you need to know is the type of merchant account you’ll get with your application. 2. Low-risk merchant account. You’ll probably face a higher fee to set up your merchant account, and then you’ll pay roughly 4-10% on every transaction compared to around 1-2% for a low risk account, which can have a serious dent on your margins. YOUR HIGH-RISK MERCHANT PROVIDER. As long as you only sell legal products and services, Corepay can probably accommodate your business. Many low-risk businesses run into chargeback issues that force their merchant account to close. GoCardless Last editedDec 2021 — 2 min read Table of contents Merchant accounts explained What is a high-risk merchant account? What is a low-risk merchant? In. That being said, the difference between high risk and low risk isn’t. Ultimately, this results in downtime while they resolve the issue. Low-risk merchant accounts are less expensive and have fewer requirements, but are only available to businesses in low-risk industries. A low-risk merchant's average transaction value costs not more than $500 per transaction, whereas a high-risk merchant transaction costs more than that, and the transaction volume is also much. In general, you are likely to receive approval for a traditional merchant account if your industry, products or services, sales methods, location, and customers present little risk to the acquirer or processor. Click any of the links above to begin comparing costs on merchant account services for your own business's. io’s list of merchant services includes: Full-service merchant accounts;Low risk merchant accounts are merchants running their business with minimal to no chargebacks and have a solid financial history. General indicators of low-risk merchants include those that have individual credit card transactions averaging less than $500 and process $20,000 or less. Review merchant submissions of SAQs, network scanreports , and Reports on Compliance (ROC), if applicable, to determine that a merchant is in compliance with the PCI DSS. National ACH specializes in offering high-risk merchant accounts to process ACH, e-checks, debit cards, and credit cards. Our objective is to give customers the satisfaction and be a reliable provider. Laundering payments through a low-risk merchant account allows maximum proceeds while avoiding regulatory limitations. Dharma Merchant Services: Best for merchants who process more than $10,000/month. Apply. A high-risk merchant account has the same features and functionality as a traditional, low-risk merchant account. 3. High-risk businesses are typically those that are new, have a history of credit problems, or operate in an industry that is considered. Consequently, many applications are turned down. The provider may approve riskier applications but at a higher fee. High-risk transactions refer to credit card payments associated with significant risks of chargebacks, fraud, and other potential issues, like money laundering. On the contrary, low-risk merchant accounts have more restrictions and are limited in scope. Unlike standard or low-risk accounts, these accounts factor in the financial risks that high-risk businesses face, especially susceptibility to fraud and chargebacks, and how they can be. They call their accounts high-risk merchant accounts and charge you more in processing and chargeback. This can include businesses in certain industries, such as online gambling or adult entertainment. Those who prefer to err on caution and use low-risk merchant accounts don’t have access to this resource. Operate your low risk business easily. Other features may include check processing services, online account reporting features, services to make sure your account is PCI Compliant and a lot more. Low-risk merchant accounts are designed for businesses that have a consistent volume of sales, low returns/chargebacks, and are in well-established. Average High-Risk Merchant Account Rates. Payment gateways consider users with a few common traits low risk. Starts at $0/month for unlimited devices and locations. High risk merchant account providers can make it possible to set up an account after a day or two. We make High Risk Easy. low-risk merchantsBelow are the distinctions between a low-risk merchant account against a high-risk merchant account. Low-risk rates, as low as $99 per month and $. ”. On the other hand, high-risk merchant accounts deal with high-risk items like cannabis, tobacco, firearms, airplane tickets, virtual currencies, and pharmaceuticals. Have a zero to low chargeback ratio. Best for chargeback monitoring: SMB Global. This can increase the difficulty of. On the other hand, low risk merchant accounts. In-person payments cost the merchant a fee of 2. Opening a merchant services account can require a number of documents to help the bank and its underwriters determine both the business and the. Average card transaction is below $500. A high risk payment processor should provide excellent service and competitive rates—but there are some negative aspects of high risk merchant accounts that are unavoidable. 95% for every transaction compared to 0. 2) High chargeback ratio. PaymentCloud: Best for High-Risk Businesses 5. Fill out the quick & easy form or pick up the phone and call +1 (800) 530-2444. Additionally, high risk merchant accounts are created for businesses that deal in vulnerable goods and services such as gambling while low risk. A flat-rate pricing structure is offered by Stripe:Let’s Understand The Low-Risk Merchant. The industry is low-risk; Transactions are less than $20,000 per. Processing and Payment Gateway Differences: A high-risk merchant account often require specialized high-risk payment gateways due to the nature of their business. You may suffer sudden account termination in case of a slip-up. 05 per transaction. Many "low risk" merchants have a majority of their credit card transactions conducted in person ("card present"). io as our favorite online credit card processor for cannabis and CBD vendors due to its willingness to work with these merchants when many providers will not. Instant approval hardly means instant for high-risk merchant accounts. Founded in 2012, Easy Pay Direct competes with some of the older merchant account providers available. It should be mentioned that there are low-risk merchant accounts that can permit all the . Electronic money processing. Opting for a low-risk merchant account provides multiple advantages, such as lower processing fees. Helcim : Best All-in-One Platform. Treati. The short answer: A high-risk merchant account is the solution to a high-risk business’s payment-related problems. This is the fee that is charged for integrating the services to the merchant application. But not all accounts are the same — some are considered low risk and others are high risk. Understand more about being in high risk verticals by researching payment review websites with key information. The company provides speedy approval decisions to the merchants and is known in the industry for its transparency. Low-risk businesses are easier for merchant service providers to trust. In the United Kingdom, it is roughly 3. The average rates for setting up a low risk merchant accounts start from around one hundred and fifty US dollars. k. Getting approved for a high risk merchant account. 95%. 3% plus interchange if you’re among the low-risk merchants. High-risk merchant accounts support online payments worldwide, which could increase revenue and growth. High-Risk vs Low-Risk Merchant Accounts. As with Square’s extremely popular services for low-risk businesses, the company fully discloses all prices for its CBD program on its website. 24/7 SupportBest high risk merchant accounts at a glance. It is the acquirer’s responsibility to monitor a merchant’s compliance and ensure thatIn contrast, low-risk businesses tend to have lower credit risk and fraud risk, which makes it easier to get financing. All low-risk Host Merchant Services accounts come with month-to-month billing, but high-risk merchants may have to agree to a long-term contract, in some cases. LOW RATES. As is typical of the high, medium, and low-risk merchant account providers, Goat Payments doesn't disclose fees on its website. Corepay is a domestic and offshore merchant account provider for both high-risk and low-risk businesses, advertising its services to the adult industry, CBD and hemp vendors, eCommerce merchants, online dating services, and other business categories considered high-risk. Stripe. If the average ticket is less than $500. To qualify for low risk merchant accounts, your business will fit the following description: You process less than $20,000 per month; Your average ticket size is less than $50; Zero to low chargeback ratio; You operate within a low risk industry; You are incorporated in a low risk country The Difference Between Low-Risk & High-Risk Merchants. High risk rates as low as blended 2. There are several criteria to determine the risk level of a business: high transaction volume, international payment (geographic location. Adept Payments offers high-risk merchant accounts as well as accounts for low- and mid-risk merchants. The business is in a low risk industry. To qualify for low risk merchant accounts, your business must: Process less than $20,000 per month, Have an average ticket size of less than $50, and. High-Risk VS Low-Risk Merchant Accounts Low-Risk Merchant Accounts. It offers fast and easy. All according to this analysis your application is either. While low-risk merchant accounts are typically short term (sometimes even month to month), high-risk merchant accounts often run between three to five years and feature automatic renewal clauses and early termination fees. 08-$0. Usually offers tiered pricing to bad credit merchants. This gives many merchants the opportunity to fix problems from previous processing partnerships and work towards a low-risk merchant account. 05%-0. High-risk merchant account providers that accept travel businesses generally do not disclose their prices, relying instead on a. Merchant accounts essentially serve as a holding account to protect banks and payment processors so they don’t get burned by fraud or chargebacks. Why Some Businesses Need a High-Risk Merchant Account to Use an Authorize. A voided check, or other proof of bank accounts such as a signed bank letter or barring that, your bank’s routing number and your bank account number. Low personal credit score, typically 500 or less; Outstand liens on property; Applying to a high risk merchant account provider you must be sure to have all the proper documentation ready and identify the terms and fees that will be coming from the provider. Customers add products and enter their payment details to pay for their orders. Fees are the main tangible difference between a high and low risk merchant account. 30 per transaction. A high-risk merchant account enables you to sell in riskier markets. Direct Post Integration. 95%. A high-risk merchant account is for businesses that operate in high-ticket industries with increased risks of fraud and chargebacks. A low-risk merchant is one that: Trades in fairly modest volumes. - No early termination fee even for high risk businesses. Just use the form above, and we will email you the quick set-up procedure right away. The processing costs for all transactions will often be higher than those charged by low-risk merchant accounts. The following are some differences between low and high-risk merchant account that you should know: Low-Risk Merchant Account. 2. 2) Chargeback ratio is low to nothing. 6% plus 10 cents per transaction. Merchant account Visa, MasterCard, American Express for low-risk businesses is a. e. If a merchant has a high. high risk merchant accounts is the amount of. For a high-risk merchant account instant approval, it is preferable to go for a service provider like PayCly which specializes in high-risk companies. 49% to 3. Your payment service providers will impose a fee when you use your merchant account, accept credit card payments, or agree to pay from your debit cards. No monthly minimum (low-risk accounts) Interchange + 0. High risk merchant accounts. In contrast to a low-risk merchant. Those are just the main reasons why a merchant may be considered high risk. While they do also accommodate low-risk businesses, they are better suited to high-risk ones. Easy Pay Direct: - Primary product is proprietary EPD gateway. There are certain fees business owners need to pay for merchant account services. Best low risk merchant account services for low risk business from AMSLV. Another well-established provider, CorePay caters to both low and high risk merchants by providing tailored solutions that meet each business where they stand. Application: The business applies for a high-risk merchant account with a specialized payment processor that specializes in high-risk businesses. Visit Site. A merchant account may be classified as low-risk due to one or more of the following factors: If the average monthly transaction volume is less than $20,000. Registration fee: Once your account is set up, you’ll need to pay a 500 USD registration fee to VISA and Mastercard. 3. High-risk businesses are those that are considered to be a higher risk for chargebacks or fraud. A low-risk merchant account needs to meet many requirements, including a smaller number of transactions, low chargebacks, and low revenue. Lower risk of account termination. Low-Risk Merchant Accounts Differences in Processing, Fees, and Restrictions. High-risk merchant accounts are services that enable companies to accept credit card payments from customers. Treati. Maximize approval ratios based on your target customer base. Merchant account providers categorize businesses as either one or the other, but various indicators can distinguish between them. processing application (MPA) that is signed and completedHigh-risk merchant accounts allow risky business ventures to take credit/debit card payments from customers. You can request more information by filling out the form on its website. Friendly Client Support. To open, a business needs an EIN and valid business license. Transaction processing rates are notably higher than the company’s low-risk rates, but the lack of account fees makes it a great alternative to getting a traditional high-risk merchant account. Average Fees for a Low Risk Merchant Accounts. Even though low-risk merchants also pay a chargeback charge (an expense you pay when a client disputes the charge directly using the credit card they use) However, high-risk merchants usually have higher charges for. You’ll likely pay higher in merchant account and payment processing fees. Generally, high-risk business owners can expect credit card processing rates of 0. A high-risk gateway is essential to accept credit cards and other digital payments. 95%. One of the biggest differences between low risk vs. Staying on top of any requests for supporting documents. 40 per transaction, plus a required 10% reserve (which is standard for most high-risk merchants). 6% plus 10 cents, while the fee for a high-risk account might be 2. One of the biggest differences between low risk vs. Monthly fees: These fees are typically meant to maintain your merchant account. Higher payment processing fees. Interchange + 0. Our experts at Salus Payments recommend trying to keep your chargeback ratio less than 0. Generally, a low-risk merchant account comes with limitations, and its fee is also low. This includes the merchant, the credit card company, and the bank that issues and finances the card. g. Processes less than $20,000 monthly. Based on various characteristics, credit card processors divide merchants as either high risk or low risk. Merchant services allow businesses to accept credit and debit card payments. High risk merchants who choose to process with instant approval companies may have their account shut down which can lead to lost revenue. clothes, shoes, kitchenware, food. merchant accounts), you’ll typically need to process $5K-$10K in monthly transactions to justify the cost. in high-risk categories do so with the confidence that the reward will offset the extra hassle and expense of a high-risk merchant account. Where such a high-risk account is involved, banks tend to be hostile, and such industries are almost completely barred from opening accounts. Ultimately, this results in downtime while they resolve the issue. CorePay. While the vaping/e-cigarette industry is highly profitable, banks and credit card processors also consider it high-risk. We have a broad nationwide network which runs via our processing banks to merchant accounts. A high-risk merchant account operates as a specialized business account for high-risk businesses. Low-risk merchant accounts are best suited for businesses with low transaction volumes or large up-front investments. High-Risk vs. Merchant One: Best for Flexible Pricing Clover: Best for POS Stax: Best for Subscription Pricing ProMerchant: Best for High-Risk Businesses Payment Depot: Best for High Transaction Volume Square Merchant Services: Best for Startups Helcim : Best All-in-One Platform National Processing: Best. Our highly skilled team has merchant accounts for businesses with processing volumes ranging from $20,000-$100,000,000 and up per month. High-risk merchant accounts are payment processing accounts geared to businesses operating in high-risk industries and more prone to chargebacks, fraud, regulatory hurdles, and legal issues. If you own a business, you understand the value of having a dependable payment processing solution. Durango Merchant Services has been in the hard to acquire and international electronic payments industry for over 20 years. 1. High-Risk Merchant Account vs Low-Risk Merchant Account. High-Risk Merchant Accounts. High-risk merchant accounts differ from low-risk accounts in the following ways: Almost always a full-service merchant account (PSPs typically don’t accept high. They typically have: Lower transaction volumes and low sales. High-risk Vs. High-risk merchant account fees Setup Fees. Your average ticket size is significantly less than $50. If the average ticket is less than $500. High-risk vs. Best for chargeback monitoring: SMB Global. Reason being, merchants in our payment processing world come under low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk categories. Call Us: (213) 267-6848. 50% + $0. With over a 95. When it comes to credit card payment processing, you might have difficulty getting approved for a high-risk merchant account depending on what vertical you fall in — but it can also be due to a history of fraud, a low credit score, or a high ratio of chargebacks. Merchant Accounts with High Vs. Low-risk merchant account. Of that 1%, even fewer actually ARE “High Risk” Providers and aren’t simply making a run at picking up extra business. Merchant acquirers carefully assess various factors, including industry type, transaction volumes, and chargeback ratios, to categorize merchants as low or high risk. “ Market share of cash, credit cards. Some businesses have to pay high fees rather than others. Payment processors will categorize your company as low risk when: Your company brings in less than $20,000 per month. SMB Global. During this five-year period, you cannot use your low-risk merchant account. An online merchant is a business that sells goods and processes payments over the Internet. Most brick-and-mortar retailers are low risk businesses as card-present (CP) transactions are less susceptible to fraud; some online merchants may qualify The merchant sells to countries that have a high level of fraud. On the other hand, low risk merchant accounts. Low-risk merchants are generally established merchants that process less in volume, have lower ticket averages, have little to no chargebacks, only transact in 1 currency. The company specifically markets. 30% + $0. Low Risk. Learn more about Merchant Maverick’s credit card processor rating system. Best for online and international sellers: Durango Merchant Services. Party of 4: innocent buyer; a victim of credit card theft; legitimate merchant; scammer/middleman; The cardholder places an order from a fraudulent, fake storefront that is offering goods at. Therefore, while we provide high-risk European merchant accounts, we can also offer our clients low-risk processing, should they qualify. So these are some differences between low and high-risk merchant accounts that you should know: Low-Risk Merchant Account. High-Risk Payment Processor Requirements. Though, high-risk merchants need to pay extra than the traditional merchants. We chose Treati. What is a High-Risk Merchant Account? A high-risk merchant account is one that works with businesses with a higher risk of chargebacks, fraud, or failure. If you’re in need of an affordable credit card processing solution for your business, Instabill has specialized in providing high risk merchant accounts to e-commerce businesses since 2001, and can help you find a solution that. High risk merchant accounts are the hardest ones to get and the most costly. You have zero to low chargeback ratio. Payment processors will categorize your company as low risk when: Your company brings in less than $20,000 per month. 25/keyed-in transaction (volume discounts available) Best all-around virtual terminal. In 2021, consumers paid for 70 percent of their purchases with a credit or debit card. 9% + 30¢ online. You already have a merchant account and only need the NMI gateway. net is a payment gateway company that provides payment processing options for businesses, especially small and independently-owned businesses. In the world of merchants, the ability to process. eMerchant Authority is the leader in payment processing for high-risk merchants. A high-risk merchant account is a service that Payment Service Providers (PSPs) offer so that entities in fraud or chargeback-prone industries can accept card payments. PaymentCloud — Best for businesses looking for completely customized payment packages, fraud prevention tools, advanced payment gateways, and merchant funding. High risk merchant account fees. Only one type of currency is accepted. 30% + $0. 5 Best POS Systems For Gyms To Get More Members In 2023 - August 5, 2022. They will provide the best rates for services, plus they will offer more lenient terms for services. Nov 19, 2023Learn more about what constitutes a low-risk merchant A business that accepts credit cards for goods or services. Payment processors that offer high-risk merchant accounts understand the unique challenges faced by high-risk merchants, such as an increased likelihood of chargebacks or fraud. Low risk merchant account include online apparel stores, bookstores, pet supplies, retail shops, parking garages, and more. This leads to a reduced risk. The following are. High risk merchant accounts come with higher transaction fees, stricter underwriting requirements, rolling reserves, and limited processing options. Industries labeled low risk have. Your merchant account provider will send the transaction details through its backend processor to the customer’s card issuer . 6% plus 10¢ per transaction. $25 monthly payment gateway fee. 1. Medium and Low Risk Merchant Accounts. If a high-risk business uses a low-risk merchant account, they may experience: Violation of terms; Increased scrutiny; Chargebacks and penalties; Legal consequences The Best Merchant Account Service Providers of 2023. First of all, it’s important to understand the difference between being a low-risk and a high-risk merchant. A high-risk merchant could be required to seek additional agreements, an early termination fee, or. - $99 account setup fee, 3 year. These are. Industry is considered low risk e. Best merchant services in 2023. It supports businesses of all sizes, offering both standard flat-rate and interchange plus pricing. net lays the groundwork for a more streamlined high risk payment processing experience. In order to process those credit card transactions though, you need a low risk merchant account with an acquiring bank. There is a solution for every legal business. A low-risk merchant may need to meet many requirements; however, the most important are: low revenue, few transactions, and low chargebacks and returns. Maximize approval ratios based on your target customer base. While low-risk retail and ecommerce merchants can pay as low as $10 per month, high-risk merchants should expect to pay an average of $25–$45 monthly. Low-risk accounts usually benefit from lower prices because they demand less work from payment processors. That said, business credit experts have identified low risk industries for business credit that have a higher level of “fundability. Low-Risk; High-Risk; ACH; Application; About;. This high level of chargebacks means merchant account processing will require more work, resulting in higher fees to cover these expenses. Initially, you are required to pay the initial setup cost whether you are a high-risk merchant or a low-risk merchant. Corepay understands that digital payments are intrinsically tied to the success of eCommerce businesses. In simple terms, a high-risk merchant account is a payment processing account for businesses considered as ‘high-risk’ by credit card processors or banks. : Best for low. They range from $10 to $50 for most companies. Some stand out for accommodating high-risk merchants, while others sell a variety of POS systems and card readers, or integrate with popular business apps. SMB Global is the option on our list with the longest standard contract length, three years. You have zero to low chargeback ratio. Open a High Risk Merchant Account . To qualify for low risk. Deals in mostly low-value transactions. Low-risk merchant accounts, on the other hand, have these characteristics: Only accepts one type of currency; A payment service provider hosts their payment page; Their average credit card sale is under $500; Their average monthly sales volume is under $20,000; Their business only sells low-risk products/items such as. 3) Moto merchant accounts. : Best for global payment processing. Are you stuck between low-risk and high-risk merchant service providers? While the specific conditions vary from processor to processor, you can get a good grasp of what to expect by comparing their account’s overall pros and cons. Due to the company’s low fees, Helcim only approves businesses for credit card processing that are deemed as “low risk” accounts in the merchant account industry. When your business is considered one that comes with added “risks” it means that you will be categorized as a high risk merchant and therefore require a high risk merchant account. 1. As such, the primary factors that matter with a high-risk merchant account are processing history and industry reputation. High-risk vs. High Risk Pay Overview. Chargeback fees: Even low-risk merchants get chargebacks, only at a much lower rate than high-risk merchants. Your customer pays for your goods or services with a credit card using your POS equipment, a virtual terminal, or a mobile app. Your merchant agreement will depend on whether or not your nonprofit is classified as high-risk. Are You a High Risk or Low Risk Account Merchant? Before you can begin researching merchant services providers, you need to ask yourself a few questions about the. Low Risk Merchant Accounts Finding the right credit card processing and merchant account provider is critical, yet challenging, for any business. Fortunately, at Shark Processing, we specialize in high-risk payments and can assist you in opening a high-risk merchant account, no matter your industry. Dharma: Best for Transparent Pricing. Here’s our list of the best merchant. $0. The total transactions they process each month are less than $20k, they do. Variable transaction fees. Ultimately, a high-risk ACH account. These businesses often operate in industries that, for various reasons, carry a higher level of risk. A high-risk merchant account is a business that a credit card processor is more likely to lose money on. At Corepay, we specialize in high-risk merchants who have difficulty finding payment processing because of their given industry/risk. Considering that it really takes a longer period for the setup of these accounts unlike low risk accounts, a day is indeed significantly quicker. PaymentCloud: Best for high-risk businesses. Online merchants, in the eyes of acquirer banks, are divided into 3 categories: high, Easy Pay Direct is a payment gateway and merchant account provider that serves a wide variety of high-risk and low-risk industries. net offers credit card payment services for more than 430,000 merchants, including merchants that could be categorized as high-risk. Offers Paysley QR-code payment service. Low-Risk Merchant Accounts. Differences Between High Risk vs. Your average ticket size is significantly less than $50. A high-risk merchant account with instant approval can be the lifeline your business needs. National Processing: Best for Small Businesses 6. However, you can also use the EPD Gateway with. The main difference between high-risk and low-risk merchant accounts is the financial risk associated with each. net: All-in-One Solution. [1] Statista. There are many more advantages of using high-risk merchant accounts -: It offers you long-term growth opportunities. A team of high-risk analysts or an individual analyze your business to find out any type of risk. Transaction fee for a single transaction ranges from. Discount feeComparing Fees and Terms: High-Risk vs Low-Risk Merchant Accounts. Usually offers tiered pricing to bad credit merchants. When your business has been labeled a high-risk merchant account, you will almost always pay higher. You are incorporated in a low risk state. various factors collectively decide the risk category for a particular business. The Best Merchant Account Services. The reason is simple: Everyone in the payment chain (except for the customer) loses money in a chargeback. High-Risk VS Low-Risk Merchant AccountsLow-Risk Merchant Accounts. Low-Risk Merchant Account High-Risk Merchant Account; Transaction volume: Less than £16,000 per month: £16,000 per month or more: Average transaction size: Less than £400: £400 or more: Country of operation: Low-risk country (e. Square: Best Free Merchant Account For Small Businesses. It would be best if you didn’t overpay for services you do not use. The standard process for acquiring a merchant account process is as follows: Choose a business structure for your new enterprise. 3.